Unit Four: Genetics
Section 1: Mendelian Genetics
Bozeman Video: Mendelian Genetics
Prezi: Mendelian Genetics
Bozeman Video: Chi-Square Test
Bozeman Video: Advanced Genetics
Prezi: Extentions to Mendelian Genetics
Prezi: Human Genetic Conditions
Text Book: Ch 11-12
Mendelian Genetics Powerpoint( notes are in the bottom "note" section of each slide)
Practice Problems -KEY
Prezi: Mendelian Genetics
- Explain the process by which Mendel conducted his experiments.
- How does Mendel’s work demonstrate support for the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles?
- Compare and contrast the terms:
- genotype and phenotype
- heterozygous and homozygous.
- What is the purpose of a test cross? How is it conducted?
- Explain the events in meiosis that explain the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.
Bozeman Video: Chi-Square Test
Bozeman Video: Advanced Genetics
Prezi: Extentions to Mendelian Genetics
Prezi: Human Genetic Conditions
Text Book: Ch 11-12
Mendelian Genetics Powerpoint( notes are in the bottom "note" section of each slide)
Practice Problems -KEY
Section 2: Molecules of Inheritance: DNA & RNA
Bozeman Video: DNA & RNA part 1
Prezi: DNA Introduction
Bozeman Videos: DNA & RNA Part 2
Prezi: The Central Dogma (split into three seperate HW assignements)
PART ONE:
Things to understand before class (PLEASE ask questions about them in class)
PART THREE
Make sure you understand the following (PLEASE ask questions in class)
Bozeman Video: Genotypes and Phenotypes
Text Book: Ch 13-14
The Central Dogma: Protein Synthesis Powerpoint & notes
Learn Genetics: Online Examples of Mutations
Prezi: DNA Introduction
Bozeman Videos: DNA & RNA Part 2
Prezi: The Central Dogma (split into three seperate HW assignements)
PART ONE:
- Diagram the “Central Dogma” of molecular genetics. How does it allow for DNA to serve as both the heritable molecule and code for protein sequence?
- Explain the experiment conducted by Meselson and Stahl. How did the results of their experiment demonstrate the semi-conservative model of DNA replication was the accurate model?
- Explain how each of the following enzymes contributes to the process of DNA replication:
- helicase
- single-stranded binding proteins
- DNA polymerase
- primase
- ligase
- Topisomerase/gyrase
- How does replication of the leading strand differ from replication of the lagging strand? Why can’t both strands of DNA be replicated in the same fashion?
- Diagram the replication fork. Include:
- the leading strand
- the lagging strand
- prime orientation of both parent strand and both daughter strands.
- Replisome
- Okazaki fragments
- Why is telomerase necessary during the replication of eukaryotic chromosomes?
- How to recognize the 5’ and 3’ ends of a DNA strand.
- The structural differences between free nucleotides (nucleoside tri-phosphates), and nucleotides in a nucleic acid.
- Why replication is necessary for cells, where it happens, its inputs and its outputs.
- The specific details of the process of replication.
- The mechanisms in replication that reduce the error rate.
- The major differences in replication between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- How did Beadle and Tatum’s work on auxotroph’s suggest that metabolism was controlled by protein enzymes?
- How does RNA polymerase identify where to begin transcription of a gene?
- Explain the relationship between the promoter, enhancers, and transcription factors.
- Diagram each of the following phases of transcription.
- initiation
- elongation
- termination
- Explain what happens during each of the following post-transcriptional modifications of eukaryotic transcripts:
- splicing
- 5’ capping
- poly adenylation.
- How do eukaryotic cells utilize alternative splicing to maximize variety of gene products that they can produce?
Things to understand before class (PLEASE ask questions about them in class)
- The relationship between DNA, RNA, Protein, Cells and the Organism.
- Why transcription is necessary for cells, where it happens, its inputs and its outputs.
- The major structural differences between RNA and DNA.
- The specific details of the process of transcription.
- The major differences in transcription between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
PART THREE
- Explain the meaning of this statment: “The genetic code is punctuated, unambiguous, and redundant.”
- How does the structure of a tRNA molecules enable its function?
- How does the structure of a ribosome enable its function?
- Diagram what happens during each of the following phases of translation. Include the location (A, P, or E site) of incoming tRNA molecules, incoming amino acids, the growing polypeptide chain, uncharged tRNA molecules and release factors as appropriate:
- initiation
- elongation
- termination
- Diagram a complete eukaryotic transcription unit. Define each part.
- Explain the effect that point mutations and frameshift mutations can have on gene products. Make sure to differentiate between:
- neutral (silent) mutations
- missense mutations
- nonsense mutations
- Why insertion/deletion of three bases is less deleterious than insertion/deletion of one or two bases
Make sure you understand the following (PLEASE ask questions in class)
- How mRNA sequence dictates protein sequence.
- Why translation is necessary for cells, where it happens, its inputs and its outputs.
- How amino acids are associated and disassociated from tRNA molecules.
- The major differences in translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- How and why the meaning of the term “gene” has changed over the past 100 years.
Bozeman Video: Genotypes and Phenotypes
Text Book: Ch 13-14
The Central Dogma: Protein Synthesis Powerpoint & notes
Learn Genetics: Online Examples of Mutations
Section 3: Gene Regulation
Bozeman Video: Gene Regulation
Prezi: Regulation of Gene Expression
Bozeman Videos: The Operon
Text Book: Ch 15
Prokaryotic Gene Regulation Power point
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation PPT
Euakryotic Gene Regulation Notes
Crash Course-Evolutionary Development
Bozeman Videos: Development-Timing and Coordination
Prezi: Regulation of Gene Expression
- Why do prokaryotes need to be able to regulate their metabolism quickly?
- What is the advantage to prokaryotes grouping related metabolic gene products into a single operon?
- Diagram a typical operon. Include and label structural genes, promoter, RNA polymerase, and repressor protein.
- What determines if the repressor protein for an operon will be attached or detached from the operator?
- Compare a repressible operon with an inducible operon. How are they similar? How are they different? What determines if an operon will be repressible or inducible? Give an example of each type of operon in a typical prokaryotic cell.
- Explain the function of the CAP/cAMP system. Why is it necessary?
- Why do eukaryotic cells need to be able to turn genes on and off as necessary?
- How does the control of gene expression lead to differentiation of cell function in multicellular eukaryotes?
- Define each of the following terms and explain how each provides a eukaryotic cell with the ability to regulate gene expression:
- nucleosomes
- DNA methylation
- Transcription factors/enhancers
- alternative splicing
- mRNA degradation
- RNA interference (RNAi)
- Protein processing and degradation.
- Explain the following statement: "Generally speaking, the faster a eukaryotic cell needs to regulate gene expression, the more downstream from transcription that regulation will occur."
- How is it possible that only 1.5% of the human genome can code for gene products, but humans can be so complex in their physiology?
- Define the term “differentiation.”
- Explain the function of each of the following as relates to the process of differentiation:
- cytoplasmic determinants
- cellular induction
- cellular determination
- Why does determination have to precede differentiation?
- How do cells acquire positional information about their location in a developing embryo?
- Explain the function of bicoid.
- What are the homeobox genes? What do they do in a developing animal?
- Explain the purpose of the Human Genome Project (HGP).
- What is bioinformatics and why is it a necessary and important field of study?
- Is there any particular pattern among genomes and the organisms who have them?
- Explain what transposable elements are and give an overview of their function.
- On a percentage basis, what type of sequence comprises the most of the human genome? What type of sequence comprises the least?
- Explain the types of signatures that have been left in the human genome when looking at our split from rodents and from chimpanzees.
Bozeman Videos: The Operon
Text Book: Ch 15
Prokaryotic Gene Regulation Power point
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation PPT
Euakryotic Gene Regulation Notes
Crash Course-Evolutionary Development
Bozeman Videos: Development-Timing and Coordination
Section 4: Expression, Timing & Control of Genes
Bozeman Video: Increasing Genetic Variation
Prezi: Genetics--Systems Perspective
Bozeman Videos: Development-Timing and Coordination
Bozeman Video- Cellular Specialization
Bozeman Videos: Genotype expression
Bozeman Videos: Epigenetics
Prezi: Genetics--Systems Perspective
Bozeman Videos: Development-Timing and Coordination
Bozeman Video- Cellular Specialization
Bozeman Videos: Genotype expression
Bozeman Videos: Epigenetics
Section 5: Viruses & Biotechnology
Bozeman Video:Viral Replication
Prezi: Viruses
Questions to Answer:
Prezi: Viruses
Questions to Answer:
- Why are viruses classified as "obligate intracellular parasites"?
- What are the minimum parts required for a functional virus?
- Diagram the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages and give examples of viruses who follow each.
- What is the evolutionary advantage of an RNA genome in eukaryotic cell virus?
- Why is permanent immunity to the flu impossible to acquire?
- What cell type does HIV infect? How does this lead to AIDS?
- Why viruses are not considered to be alive in the classical sense of the term.
- The similarities and difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic viruses.
- Multiple examples of human diseases caused by viruses.
- The relationship between certain viral infections and increased risk of some forms of cancer.
- The similarities and differences between viruses, viroids, and prions.